Akt 억제제/활성제 (Akt Inhibitors/Activators)

기타 PI3K/Akt/mTOR 억제제

아이소폼 선택적 제품

• 주요 억제제
• 억제제 (67)
• 조절제 (6)
• 화학 물질 (1)
• 활성제 (7)

Cat.No.	제품명	정보	제품 사용 인용	제품 검증
S7863	SC79	SC79는 뇌 투과성 Akt 인산화 활성제이자 Akt-PH 도메인 전위를 억제합니다.	Nat Commun, 2025, 16(1):3734 J Immunother Cancer, 2025, 13(9)e010812 Int J Biol Sci, 2025, 21(5):2118-2134
S8019	AZD5363 (Capivasertib)	Capivasertib (AZD5363)는 무세포 분석에서 3 nM/8 nM/8 nM의 IC50으로 Akt(Akt1/Akt2/Akt3)의 모든 동형을 강력하게 억제하며, P70S6K/PKA와 유사하고 ROCK1/2에 대한 활성은 더 낮습니다. 2상.	Nat Commun, 2025, 16(1):8409 Cell Rep Med, 2025, 6(7):102192 EBioMedicine, 2025, 118:105828
S1078	MK-2206 Dihydrochloride	MK-2206 2HCl은 세포 유리 분석에서 각각 8 nM/12 nM/65 nM의 IC50을 가진 Akt1/2/3의 고도로 선택적인 억제제입니다. 250개의 다른 단백질 키나아제에 대한 억제 활성은 관찰되지 않았습니다. 이 화합물은 암세포에서 autophagy 및 apoptosis를 유도합니다. 2상 임상.	Cell Res, 2025, 10.1038/s41422-025-01110-x Cell Res, 2025, 10.1038/s41422-025-01085-9 Mol Cancer, 2025, 24(1):272
S2808	Ipatasertib (GDC-0068)	Ipatasertib (GDC-0068, RG7440)은 세포 없는 분석에서 Akt1/2/3을 5 nM/18 nM/8 nM의 IC50으로 표적하는 고도로 선택적인 pan-Akt 억제제로, PKA에 비해 620배의 선택성을 나타냅니다. 이 화합물은 현재 2상 연구 중입니다.	Oncogene, 2025, 44(44):4324-4337 Int J Mol Sci, 2025, 26(13)6139 Sci Rep, 2025, 15(1):35610
S1037	Perifosine	Perifosine은 MM.1S 세포에서 IC50이 4.7 μM인 새로운 Akt 억제제로, Akt의 플렉스트린 상동성 도메인을 표적으로 합니다. 3상.	J Neuroinflammation, 2025, 22(1):32 Biomol Ther (Seoul), 2025, 33(1):170-181 iScience, 2024, 27(10):110862
S1113	GSK690693	GSK690693은 Akt1/2/3을 표적하는 범-Akt 억제제로, 무세포 분석에서 IC50은 2 nM/13 nM/9 nM이며, AGC 키나아제 계열인 PKA, PrkX 및 PKC 동형효소에도 민감합니다. GSK690693은 또한 CAMK 계열의 AMPK 및 DAPK3를 각각 50 nM 및 81 nM의 IC50으로 강력하게 억제합니다. GSK690693은 Unc-51-like 자가포식 활성 키나아제 1 (ULK1) 활성에 영향을 미치고, STING 의존성 IRF3 활성화를 강력하게 억제합니다. 1상.	Theranostics, 2025, 15(18):9819-9837 Cell Rep, 2025, 44(7):115947 Front Cell Infect Microbiol, 2025, 15:1543186
S1117	Triciribine (API-2)	Triciribine (API-2)은 DNA synthesis 억제제이며, PC3 세포주에서 Akt를 억제하고 CEM-SS, H9, H9IIIB, U1 세포에서 HIV-1을 각각 IC50 130 nM 및 20 nM로 억제합니다. PI3K/PDK1은 억제하지 않으며, 아데노신 키나아제가 없는 세포에서는 5000배 덜 활성적입니다. 1/2상.	Mol Psychiatry, 2025, 10.1038/s41380-025-02917-1 Transl Oncol, 2025, 58:102434 J Cell Sci, 2023, 136(4)jcs259788
S7521	Afuresertib (GSK2110183)	Afuresertib (GSK2110183)는 Akt1, Akt2 및 Akt3에 대해 각각 0.08 nM, 2 nM 및 2.6 nM의 Ki 값을 갖는 강력하고 경구 생체 이용 가능한 Akt 억제제이며, 현재 2상 임상시험 중입니다.	Cell Rep, 2024, 43(9):114728 Oncogene, 2024, 43(19):1411-1430 EMBO Rep, 2024, 10.1038/s44319-024-00324-1
S2635	CCT128930	CCT128930은 무세포 분석에서 6 nM의 IC50을 갖는 강력하고 ATP 경쟁적인 선택적 Akt2 억제제로, 밀접하게 관련된 PKA 키나아제보다 Akt2에 대해 28배 더 큰 선택성을 보입니다. 이 화합물은 Akt 억제와 무관하게 세포 주기 정지, DNA 손상 및 Autophagy를 유도합니다. 이 화학 물질의 고용량은 HepG2 세포에서 세포 Apoptosis를 유발합니다.	Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2025, 122(27):e2504962122 Cell Rep, 2025, 44(5):115625 Nat Commun, 2024, 15(1):6150
S2670	A-674563 HCl	A-674563 HCl은 세포 없는 분석에서 Ki가 11nM인 Akt1 억제제이며, PKA에 대해 적당히 강력하고 PKC에 비해 Akt1에 대해 30배 이상 선택적입니다.	Nat Commun, 2025, 16(1):3012 J Biol Chem, 2024, 300(2):105641 Nat Commun, 2023, 14(1):886
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The PI3K-AKT-MTOR Pathway: A Central Target for AKT Inhibitors

The PI3K-AKT-MTOR pathway is the primary signaling network modulated by AKT inhibitors, serving as a master regulator of cellular homeostasis and malignant transformation. Understanding the architecture and dysregulation of this pathway is fundamental to optimizing the design and application of AKT-targeted therapies.

Pathway Architecture and Physiological Activation

Under physiological conditions, the PI3K-AKT-MTOR pathway is activated by extracellular signals such as growth factors, cytokines, and integrin-mediated cell adhesion. Ligand binding to receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) or G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) triggers the recruitment and activation of class I PI3K, which phosphorylates phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) to generate phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3)—a lipid second messenger. PIP3 then recruits AKT and phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 (PDK1) to the plasma membrane via their pleckstrin homology (PH) domains. PDK1 phosphorylates AKT at threonine 308 (T308), while mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2 (MTORC2) phosphorylates AKT at serine 473 (S473), leading to full activation of AKT. Activated AKT translocates to the cytoplasm and nucleus, where it phosphorylates a diverse array of downstream substrates, orchestrating processes critical for cell survival (e.g., inhibiting BAD and caspase-9), proliferation (e.g., activating cyclin D1), metabolism (e.g., promoting glucose uptake via GLUT4), and angiogenesis (e.g., upregulating VEGF).

Oncogenic Dysregulation of the PI3K-AKT-MTOR Pathway

In cancer cells, the PI3K-AKT-MTOR pathway is frequently dysregulated through multiple mechanisms, driving uncontrolled cell growth and survival. Common alterations include activating mutations in PIK3CA (encoding the p110α catalytic subunit of PI3K), loss-of-function mutations in PTEN (a phosphatase that dephosphorylates PIP3, antagonizing PI3K signaling), amplifications of AKT1/2/3, and overexpression of RTKs (e.g., EGFR, HER2). These aberrations result in constitutive PIP3 accumulation and AKT activation, independent of extracellular signals. For example, PIK3CA mutations are present in ~30% of breast cancers and ~20% of colorectal cancers, leading to hyperactive PI3K signaling and sustained AKT phosphorylation. Similarly, PTEN loss is prevalent in prostate cancer, glioblastoma, and endometrial cancer, removing a key negative regulator of the pathway. Such dysregulation creates a "addiction" of cancer cells to AKT signaling, making them vulnerable to AKT inhibitors.

AKT Inhibitors: Classification, Protein Targeting, and Kinase Selectivity

AKT inhibitors are classified based on their mechanism of action, with distinct classes differing in their ability to target AKT protein conformations, kinase activity, and upstream/downstream signaling components. Achieving selective targeting of AKT kinases while minimizing off-target effects is a key focus of research, as non-specific inhibition can lead to toxicity and reduced therapeutic efficacy.

Classification of AKT Inhibitors by Mechanism

Three main classes of AKT inhibitors have been developed: ATP-competitive inhibitors, allosteric inhibitors, and PH domain inhibitors. ATP-competitive inhibitors bind to the ATP-binding pocket of AKT, preventing ATP hydrolysis and subsequent kinase activity. These inhibitors typically target the active conformation of AKT and may exhibit cross-reactivity with other kinases (e.g., PDK1, SGK family members) due to structural similarities in ATP-binding domains. Examples include capivasertib (AZD5363) and ipatasertib (GDC-0068), which have advanced to late-stage clinical trials for breast and prostate cancer. Allosteric inhibitors, in contrast, bind to a regulatory pocket outside the ATP-binding site, inducing a conformational change that prevents AKT activation. For instance, MK-2206 binds to the PH domain and adjacent regions, blocking AKT recruitment to the plasma membrane and subsequent phosphorylation by PDK1 and MTORC2. Allosteric inhibitors often exhibit higher selectivity for AKT isoforms, reducing off-target kinase inhibition. PH domain inhibitors, a less developed class, directly target the PH domain of AKT, preventing PIP3 binding and membrane localization—an essential step for AKT activation. While promising, these inhibitors face challenges in achieving sufficient potency and bioavailability.

Protein-Protein Interactions and Kinase Selectivity in Inhibitor Design

A major research focus in AKT inhibitor development is optimizing protein targeting and kinase selectivity. AKT isoforms (AKT1, AKT2, AKT3) share high sequence homology in their kinase domains (~80% identity) but exhibit distinct tissue expression patterns and functional roles: AKT1 is widely expressed and critical for cell survival and proliferation; AKT2 is enriched in insulin-responsive tissues (e.g., liver, muscle) and regulates metabolism and cell motility; AKT3 is predominantly expressed in the brain and plays a role in neuronal development. Non-selective AKT inhibitors may disrupt physiological functions of non-oncogenic isoforms, leading to adverse effects such as hyperglycemia (due to AKT2 inhibition) or neurotoxicity (due to AKT3 inhibition). To address this, researchers have pursued isoform-selective inhibitors by leveraging structural differences in the ATP-binding pocket or allosteric sites of AKT isoforms. For example, AKT1-selective inhibitors exploit a unique amino acid residue in the ATP-binding pocket (e.g., alanine at position 230 in AKT1 vs. serine in AKT2/3), enabling selective binding. Additionally, advances in structural biology—including X-ray crystallography and cryo-electron microscopy—have provided detailed insights into AKT protein conformations, facilitating rational drug design.

Functional Impacts of AKT Inhibitors: From Cellular Responses to Preclinical Efficacy

AKT inhibitors exert profound functional effects on cancer cells by disrupting key oncogenic processes, and preclinical research has been instrumental in defining their mechanisms of action, efficacy, and potential resistance pathways. Understanding these functional impacts is critical for translating AKT inhibitors into effective clinical therapies.

Functional Disruption of Oncogenic Processes

AKT inhibitors induce a range of cellular responses in cancer cells, primarily through inhibiting the phosphorylation of AKT substrates. Key functional effects include: (1) Induction of apoptosis: By inhibiting AKT-mediated phosphorylation of BAD (a pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family member), AKT inhibitors promote BAD dimerization with Bcl-2/Bcl-XL, releasing Bax/Bak to trigger mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization and caspase activation. (2) Inhibition of cell proliferation: AKT inhibitors block the phosphorylation of p27Kip1 (a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor), leading to p27Kip1 accumulation and cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase. They also downregulate cyclin D1 expression, inhibiting progression through the G1-S checkpoint. (3) Suppression of metabolism: AKT inhibitors reduce glucose uptake and glycolysis by inhibiting the translocation of GLUT4 to the plasma membrane and downregulating hexokinase 2 (HK2) and pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2)—key enzymes in the Warburg effect. (4) Inhibition of angiogenesis: By downregulating VEGF and HIF-1α (hypoxia-inducible factor 1α), AKT inhibitors reduce tumor vascularization, limiting nutrient and oxygen supply to malignant cells. These functional effects are not mutually exclusive; for example, metabolic suppression can enhance apoptotic sensitivity, creating a synergistic anti-tumor response.

Preclinical Efficacy and Combination Therapy Strategies

Preclinical studies using cancer cell lines, patient-derived xenografts (PDXs), and genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) have demonstrated the efficacy of AKT inhibitors in multiple cancer types. For instance, capivasertib has shown potent anti-tumor activity in PDX models of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) and castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), particularly in tumors with PI3K-AKT pathway alterations. However, monotherapy with AKT inhibitors often leads to the development of resistance, limiting long-term efficacy. Common resistance mechanisms include: (1) Upregulation of alternative survival pathways (e.g., MAPK/ERK, STAT3); (2) Amplification or activation of RTKs (e.g., EGFR, FGFR) that reactivate PI3K-AKT signaling; (3) Mutations in AKT that reduce inhibitor binding (e.g., E17K mutation in AKT1); (4) Activation of MTORC1 via alternative routes (e.g., amino acid signaling). To overcome resistance, researchers have explored combination therapy strategies, such as combining AKT inhibitors with PI3K inhibitors, MTOR inhibitors, RTK inhibitors, or immune checkpoint inhibitors. For example, the combination of capivasertib (AKT inhibitor) and taselisib (PI3K inhibitor) has shown synergistic anti-tumor activity in PIK3CA-mutant breast cancer models, as dual inhibition of PI3K and AKT prevents reactivation of the pathway. Similarly, combining AKT inhibitors with anti-PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies enhances anti-tumor immunity by reducing the expression of immunosuppressive molecules (e.g., PD-L1) on cancer cells and promoting T cell infiltration.

Crosstalk Between AKT Inhibitors and PI3K/MTOR Signaling: Implications for Research and Therapy

The PI3K-AKT-MTOR pathway is characterized by extensive crosstalk and feedback loops, and AKT inhibitors modulate this network in complex ways that impact their therapeutic efficacy. Research into this crosstalk has uncovered critical insights into pathway regulation and identified novel therapeutic opportunities.

PI3K-AKT-MTOR Crosstalk and Feedback Activation

AKT inhibition can trigger feedback activation of upstream components of the PI3K-AKT-MTOR pathway, limiting inhibitor efficacy. For example, AKT phosphorylates and inhibits RTKs (e.g., EGFR) via a negative feedback loop; blocking AKT activity relieves this inhibition, leading to RTK phosphorylation and increased PI3K activation. Similarly, AKT inhibits the adapter protein IRS-1; AKT inhibition enhances IRS-1 stability and PI3K recruitment. Feedback activation can also occur downstream of AKT: AKT phosphorylates and inhibits TSC2 (a negative regulator of MTORC1), so AKT inhibition leads to TSC2 dephosphorylation and reduced MTORC1 activity. However, prolonged MTORC1 inhibition can activate RTK-PI3K signaling via another feedback loop, reactivating AKT. These feedback mechanisms highlight the need for combinatorial targeting of PI3K, AKT, and MTOR to disrupt the pathway comprehensively.

Therapeutic Implications of PI3K/MTOR Co-Targeting

Preclinical and clinical studies have demonstrated that co-targeting PI3K, AKT, and MTOR can overcome feedback activation and improve therapeutic outcomes. For example, combining the PI3K inhibitor alpelisib with the AKT inhibitor capivasertib has shown promising efficacy in PIK3CA-mutant breast cancer, as alpelisib blocks upstream PI3K activation, while capivasertib inhibits AKT, preventing feedback-driven RTK activation. Similarly, combining AKT inhibitors with MTOR inhibitors (e.g., everolimus) targets both AKT and its downstream effector MTORC1, disrupting the pathway at multiple nodes. However, co-targeting can increase toxicity (e.g., hyperglycemia, diarrhea, myelosuppression), so optimizing dosing schedules and patient selection is critical. Biomarker research is also ongoing to identify patients most likely to benefit from PI3K/AKT/MTOR co-targeting, such as those with PIK3CA mutations, PTEN loss, or high AKT phosphorylation levels.